INTRODUCTION:

Herbal medicines also known as Herbalism or Botanical medicines are used for their multi-target therapeutic or medicinal value. Many of the medications of the twenty century were developed from the knowledge of traditional healings (with specific plants) that treats many health problems. Folk drugs are an important source of Ayurveda, Unani and ancient Chinese medicine. Some vendors and vaids are still practicing folk medicines in remote areas and are surprisingly found high curative value. The use of herbal medicine is extensively practiced in developing countries and also in developed countries; the demand for the same is high in recent years.

A WHO report stated that among 119 plants derived pharmaceuticals medicines, about 74% are employed in modern medicine in a way that directly related to their traditional uses as plant medicines by native traditional cultures. Many of the pharmaceutical firms are presently conducting extensive analysis and research on plant materials collected from the rainforests and other places for their potential medicinal value.

Origin and Distribution:

Tridax procumbens Linn. is native of tropical America and naturalized in tropical Africa, Asia, Australia and India. This wild herb is distributed throughout India. Coat buttons are found on roadsides, waste grounds, railroads, dykes, riverbanks, meadows, and dunes. Its widespread distribution and importance as a weed are because of its spreading stems and plentiful seed production.

Description:

Tridax procumbens Linn. usually called as ‘Ghamra’ and in English popularly referred as ‘coat buttons’. It is extensively utilized in an Ayurvedic system of medicine for varied ailments and is dispensed as “Bhringraj” by some of the practitioners of Ayurveda which is well-known medicine for liver disorders¹.

Macroscopic characters of leaf, flower, stem and root

Leaf:

Leaves are 3-6 cm long and 1-4 cm wide, lanceolate to ovate shaped, hairy, opposite, often deeply lobed with irregularly toothed margin and an acute apex. Flowers were of two types, disc flowers, the corolla narrow-campanulate, 8 mm long, bright yellow and hairy at the top, with spreading pappus of plumose hairs. Ray flowers 5 or 6, female, with narrow corolla tube and brown ligulate limb, white or pale yellow, flowering and fruiting throughout the year. The Stem was herbaceous, cylindrical, decumbent and branched. Tridax procumbems having a tap root system ² (Table 1).

Table 1: Macroscopy of Tridax procumbens Linn.

Plant part	Morphology of leaves	Observation
Leaf	Colour	Green
	Odour	Characteristic
	Taste	Acrid
	Size	3-7 cm long, 1-5 cm wide
	Shape	Lanceolate to ovate
	Texture	Short
	Fracture	Easy
	Apex	Acute
	Arrangement	Opposite
	Appearance	Rough & Scabrous
Stem	Colour	Green
	Odour	Characteristics
	Taste	Acrid
	Size	23-46 cm
	Shape	Cylindrical
	Texture	Smooth
	Fracture	Soft
Root	Colour	Brown
	Odour	Characteristics
	Taste	Acrid
	Size	15-32 cm
	Shape	Tortous
	Texture	Rough
	Fracture	Soft

Classification:

Kingdom: Plantae – Plants

Sub kingdom: Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Division: Spermatophyta

Subdivision: Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass: Asteridae

Order: Asterales

Family: Asteraceae – Aster family

Genus: Tridax L. – tridax

Species: Tridax procumbens L. – Coat buttons

Synonym:

Hindi: Khal muriya, Tal muriya, Ghamra

Sanskrit: Jayanti Veda

English: Coat buttons, Tridax Daisy, Wild daisy

Oriya: Dagadi pala

Marathi: Gaddi Chemanthi

Tamil: Vettukaya thalai, Thatha

Telugu: Gayapu aku, Gaddi chamanthy or Palaka aku.

Quantitative Microscopy:

Quantitative microscopy includes stomatal number, stomatal index, palisade ratio, vein-islet number and vein termination number. The value obtained for leaf constant is tabulated in (Table 2).

Table 2: Quantitative microscopy

Sample identity

Stomatal index

Vein-islet No.

Per mm³

Vein termination No. Per mm³

Leaves

Upper

lower

Upper

lower

Upper

lower

30.12

36.31

32.33

20.66

32.66

19.66

Physicochemical parameters:

Physicochemical parameter includes moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, water-soluble extractive and alcohol soluble extractive ³. The values for physicochemical parameter are tabulated in (Table 3).

Table 5: Mineral Element Composition of Tridax procumbens Leaves

Mineral

Composition (mg/kg)

Dry weight

/Wet weight

Calcium

Magnesium

Potassium

Sodium

Selenium

20.96

3.56

31.9

50.44

0.20

2.09

0.35

3.18

5.02

0.02

Table 6: Qualitative Profile of Phytochemicals Found in Tridax procumbens Leaves

Phytochemicals

Status

Alkaloids

Carotenoids

Flavonoids

· Catechin

· Flavones

Saponins

Tannins

Key: + = moderately present; ++ = highly present

Traditional uses:

Tridax procumbens has been extensively utilized in the Ayurvedic system of medication and is well-accepted medicine for a liver disorder. It’s been found to possess significant medicinal properties against malaria, dysentery, diarrhoea, bronchial catarrh, blood pressure, hair fall, stomach ache, headache and hair fall. It also has wound healing properties and check hemorrhage from cuts and bruises. Antiseptic, insecticidal and parasiticidal properties were reported in flowers and leaves. The plant also possesses immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, antihepatotoxic and anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity^9-11.

Pharmacological review:

Antibacterial activity:

A study on antibacterial activity by Aniel Kumar O et.al on whole plant and individual parts of Tridax procumbens against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris (Gram-negative), Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) by agar well diffusion method using ethanolic and methanolic extracts displayed broad-spectrum activity against all the test organisms.

The results from the above study stated that there was poor or no activity from the chloroform and Petroleum ether extracts of the roots against Gram-negative bacteria.

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of both ethanolic and methanolic extracts of leaf and whole plant ranged between 1.96-19.5 and 1.96 with that of Staphylococcus aureus being the least. It supports its antibacterial activity¹².

Anti-cancer activity:

Aqueous and acetone flower extract of the traditional plant Tridax procumbens were tested on Prostate Epithelial Cancerous Cells PC-3, determined by measuring cell viability by MTT assay. The inference of the experiments was the cleavage of the soluble yellow coloured tetrazolium salt MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethyl –thiazole-2- yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] to a blue coloured formazan by the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase. The assay relies on the capability of mitochondrial enzymes of viable cells to reduce the yellow soluble salt MTT to purple-blue insoluble formazan precipitate which is then quantified spectrophotometrically at 570nm.

The results of these studies showed that the flower crude extract of the plant Tridax procumbens possesses vital anti-cancer activity¹³.

Anti diabetic activity:

The hypoglycemic activity of dried aqueous, alcoholic, and petroleum ether (60-80°C) extracts of leaves of Tridax procumbens was investigated by Durgacharan A et.al. Experimental studies reveal that the aqueous and alcoholic extracts from Tridax procumbens leaves (200 mg/kg) orally administered for 7 days produced a significant reduction in the blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic rat’s model. Petroleum extract exhibits a very weak anti-diabetic activity¹⁴.

Hepatoprotective activity:

Jude ChigozieIkewuchi et.al screened the potential of an aqueous extract of the leaves of Tridax procumbens to protect against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in Wistar albino rats. The carbon tetrachloride was prepared in olive oil and administered subcutaneously at 1 ml/kg body weight. The extract was administered to normal and carbon tetrachloride treated rats at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg. Treatment dose-dependently significantly lowered (P<0.05) alkaline phosphatase (54.91-100.52%), aspartate transaminase (37.74-64.79%), and alanine transaminase (32.96-57.82%) activities as compared to test control. The plasma total bilirubin and total protein levels of the treated animals were lower although not considered significant. The results of this study indicated that treatment with the plant extracts protects the liver against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity; therefore the study suggests the use of T. procumbens in African tradition for the treatment of liver problems¹⁵.

Anti-fungal activity:

This study was designed to evaluate the antifungal potential of alkaloids and flavonoids of different parts (root, stem, leaf and flower) of Tridax procumbens L against two pathogenic fungal strains (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger) by disc diffusion assay method. Antifungal activity was screened by evaluating Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) and total activity of each active extracts.

As per the study, the flavonoid extracts showed markedly significant activity against A. niger whereas alkaloid extracts were found inactive against both the test fungi. Significant antifungal potential was shown for free flavonoid of stem (IZ 12 mm, AI 1.2, with same MIC and MFC 0.156 mg/ml), bound flavonoid of stem (IZ 10 mm, AI 1, MIC 0.312 and MFC 0.625 mg/ml) and flower (IZ 10.2 mm, AI 1.02, with same MIC and MFC 0.312 mg/ml) against A. niger. These results indicated that the plant T. procumbens possesses antifungal activity¹⁶.

Antileishmanial activity:

A leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by Leishmania protozoa. Antileishmanial activity of Tridax procumbens extracts and a pure compound against promastigotes of Leishmania Mexicana was investigated in this study. Extract and (3S)-16, 17 didehydrofalcarinol (1) were obtained from Tridax procumbens by chromatographic methods and was identified by spectroscopic analysis. The extracts were tested for its inhibitory effect on the growth of promastigotes of Leishmania Mexicana. Extracts and 1 were also tested for its safety by treating with mammalian cells and cell viability was assessed using trypan blue and MTT.

Tridax procumbens extract and 1 possessed a markedly significant activity against Leishmania Mexicana. The methanol extract inhibited promastigotes growth of Leishmania Mexicana with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 3g/ml, while oxylipin 1 exhibited the highest inhibition at IC50=0.478g/ml. Thus the study supports the antileishmanial activity of Tridax procumbens extract and 1¹⁷.

Antiurolithiatic and anti-oxidant activities:

A renal stone formation is one of the known urological disorders. Hyperoxaluria and hypercalciuria are the major risk factors for renal stone formation. Hence oxalate exposure is toxic to renal epithelial cells and responsible for oxidative stress.

Anti urolithiatic activity of the ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Tridax procumbens Linn against 0.75 % v/v ethylene glycol and 2% w/v ammonium chloride induced calcium oxalate renal stones and also antioxidant activity against hyperoxaluria induced oxidative stress in the male albino rat were evaluated in this study. Increase in oxidative stress and increased urinary calcium, oxalate and creatinine were observed after ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride administration in control rats.

Calcium oxalate crystal depositions and extensive renal tubular damage were noticed by histopathology studies of kidneys. Treatment of the ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens to the test rats decreases the increased levels of urinary calcium, oxalate and creatinine and significantly lowered deposition of calcium and oxalate in the kidneys. Substantial reduction in oxidative stress was also observed. Renal histology showed a marked reduction in calcium oxalate crystal depositions. This study shows the Antiurolithiatic and anti-oxidant activities of the plant T. Procumbens¹⁸.

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity:

V Vinoth Prabhu et.al. investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the plant Tridax procumbens by two analgesic and one inflammatory in‐vivo pain models using male C57 BL6/J mice (25‐30g) and male Sprague‐Dawley rats (150‐230g). In the formalin-induced pain test, late phase of moderate pain, which starts about 20 min post formalin injection and lasts about 40 min to 60 min, may be caused due to tissue and functional changes in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Treatment with extract produced significant inhibition of pain in the late phase. In the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test, treatment with extract showed a dose-dependent reduction in the abdominal writhing significantly. In CFA Induced Hyper analgesia, oral administration of Tridax procumbens extract significantly reduced mechanical hyper analgesia in CFA injected rats.

These results revealed that Tridax procumbens has markedly significant effects against centrally, peripherally and inflammatory pain models and the protective actions may be due to the presence of flavanoid and sterol ¹⁹.

Antimicrobial activity:

This study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial potential of free and bound flavanoid extracts of pedicle and buds of Tridax procumbens Linn against three bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis) and four fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes) by disc diffusion assay method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations, minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations were screened for determination of the antimicrobial potential of the extracts.

The flavonoid extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity against all the test pathogens except A. flavus against which none of the test extracts showed activity. It is observed that free flavonoids from pedicle (active against 5 out of 7 test pathogens) and bound flavonoid from bud (active against 4 out of 7 pathogens) exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. It is also found that S.aureus was the foremost susceptible microorganism that was sensitive towards all extracts. This result shows the antimicrobial activity of the free and bound flavonoid extracts of pedicle and buds of Tridax procumbens²⁰.

Immunomodulatory Activity:

Immunomodulatory activity of an ethanol-insoluble fraction of aqueous extract of Tridax procumbens was reported in this study. In this Study, Swiss albino rats were treated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Rats were divided into six groups of four per group. The first group was treated with the standard inoculum of Pseudomonas aeruginosa only and the second group was given 8 mL of the standard inoculum of the organism and treated with ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens. The third category was treated with the ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens only, whereas normal saline was administered to the last group. From the results, it was noticed that the phagocytic index, leukocyte count and splenic antibody secreting cells increases significantly. The immunomodulatory potential of ethanolic extracts of leaves of Tridax procumbens was also evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced albino rats and was found that the extracts have the ability to inhibit the proliferation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa²¹.

Anti-ulcer activity:

The antiulcer activity of methanolic extracts of Tridax procumbens was screened by Aslam Pathan et al. During this study albino rats were treated with methanol extract 100 mg/kg of Tridax procumbens Linn and ulcer protection activity using myeloperoxidase activity was evaluated. The results revealed that the myeloperoxidase activity of methanol extract 100 mg/kg (2.74 U/g) is lower than experimental control (4.74 U/g). From this study, it can be concluded that the methanolic extract (100 mg/kg) of the whole plant of Tridax procumbens Linn possesses ulcer prevention and protection activity and should be helpful for the hindrance of ulcerative colitis²².

Wound healing activity:

B. Yaduvanshi et.al investigated the wound healing activity of topical ointment formulation of the leaf juice of Tridax procumbens using excision wound model in mice. Excision wounds (4 mm, i.d.) were inflicted on depilated back of mice. Ointment formulation of Tridax procumbens (50 mg of either 1 or 4 mg/g) was applied twice daily for 4 days on the dermal wound. Control group was treated with VEGF ointment (50 mg of 1 μg/g). Various parameters like re-epithelization, vascularity, fibroblast number, collagen content were observed. The healing potential of Tridax procumbens (1 mg/g) was compared with the control group. The results of this investigation revealed that Tridax procumbens possesses dose-dependent pro-healing potential, and its high dose exerts an inflammatory reaction ²³.

Anti-arthritic activity:

This study was conducted to assess the anti-arthritic activity of whole plant ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens using Freundthe's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model. Here arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens was evaluated at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg and the effects were compared with indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the investigation, the liver enzyme levels were determined and a radiological examination was carried out. The study implies that Tridax procumbens at a dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg significantly inhibited FCA-induced arthritis in the rats²⁴.

vasorelaxant effects:

The present study was designed to investigate the role of calcium in the vasorelaxant effect of this extract. Dose-response studies with noradrenaline (NA), potassium chloride and calcium chloride were carried out in rat aortic rings with and without the extract in physiological salt solution (PSS). Also, the role of intracellular calcium mobilization was noticed by measuring the phasic response to NA in Ca²⁺-free N, N-ethylene glycol tetra acetic acid (EGTA).

The results of this investigation suggest that the vasorelaxant effect of Tridax procumbens leaf extract may be due to non-specific, non-competitive inhibition of Ca²⁺ influx as well as by inhibition of Ca²⁺ mobilization from intracellular stores. This implies that the extract may have vasorelaxant agents that may have calcium antagonistic activity²⁵.

Antidiarrhoeal Activity:

The phytochemical profile and antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous and ethanolic leave extract of Tridax procumbens were performed in this study. Phytochemical investigations of aqueous and ethanol extract of Tridax procumbens leaves showed the presence of twelve bioactive compounds which are the alkaloid, tannin, saponin, flavonoid, phenol, cardiac glycoside, phytosterol, steroid, phlobatannin and triterpenoid. Antidiarrhoeal activity was carried out on gastrointestinal motility and castor oil induced diarrhoea in Wistar rats. Both aqueous and ethanol leave extracts of Tridax procumbens showed markedly significant antidiarrhoeal activity on gastrointestinal motility with barium sulfate milk model, whereas the aqueous extract showed no significant reduction in castor oil-induced diarrheal model when compared with Lomotil drug (standard group). This result implies that the leaf extract of Tridax procumbens might possess antidiarrheal activity and this supports the use of the plant in traditional medicine²⁶.

CONCLUSION:

The present review revealed that the plant Tridax procumbens, Possesses varied pharmacological properties. The phytoconstituents present in them are responsible for the biological activities. The diversity of phytochemicals present in this plant provides drug lead for the development of novel therapeutic agents.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors are thankful to principal and management of SAC College of pharmacy, BG Nagara for providing suitable facility to carry out this work.

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Received on 24.11.2018 Modified on 10.12.2018

Res. J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics.2019; 11(1):11-16.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5836.2019.00003.X

Sample identity	% LOD	% Total ash	Acid insoluble ash %	Water soluble ash %	Water soluble Extractive value %	Alcohol soluble Extractive value %
leaves	13	11.8	3.05	2.14	28.16	07.17